高度なWebサーバー構成（Apache2 + Nginx）

このガイドでは、2つのWebサーバーのそれぞれを利用するために、2つのWebサーバーのインストールと構成の操作の手順を説明します。このガイドでは、個別の構成と相互の両方を意味します。

この記事では、Apache2、Nginx、ngx_pagespeed、PHP、PHP-FPM、MariaDB、MemCachedを使用したサーバーの設定について説明します。

Nginx

HTTPサーバーとリバースプロキシサーバー、メールプロキシサーバー、および汎用TCP / UDPプロキシサーバー。

取り付け

aptリポジトリの接続に必要なパッケージをインストールします。

sudo apt install curl gnupg2 ca-certificates lsb-release

nginxの安定バージョンのaptリポジトリに接続するには、次のコマンドを実行します。

echo "deb http://nginx.org/packages/debian `lsb_release -cs` nginx" \
    | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/nginx.list

次に、パケット認証にaptが使用する公式キーをインポートする必要があります。

curl -fsSL https://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key | sudo apt-key add -

正しいキーがインポートされたかどうかを確認します。

sudo apt-key fingerprint ABF5BD827BD9BF62

コマンド出力には、完全なキーフィンガープリントが含まれている必要があります573B FD6B 3D8F BC64 1079 A6AB ABF5 BD82 7BD9 BF62。

pub   rsa2048 2011-08-19 [SC] [expires: 2024-06-14]
      573B FD6B 3D8F BC64 1079  A6AB ABF5 BD82 7BD9 BF62
uid   [ unknown] nginx signing key

nginxをインストールするには、次のコマンドを実行します。

sudo apt update && sudo apt install nginx

カスタマイズ

nginxを起動します

systemctl enable nginx && systemctl start nginx

nginxユーザーがuser www-data次のことを確認します。

vi /etc/nginx/nginx.conf

-. http://«IP- ».

«Welcome to nginx!».

PHP-FPM

FastCGI — - . FPM Fastcgi Process Manager.

PHP-FPM:

apt-get install php-fpm

php-fpm :

systemctl enable php7.3-fpm && systemctl start php7.3-fpm

, php-fpm 7.2. — php php -v.

ngx_pagespeed

ngx_pagespeed ( pagespeed) – Nginx, . .

:

sudo apt-get install unzip gcc make g++ libpcre3-dev zlib1g-dev build-essential libpcre3 uuid-dev

, ngx_pagespeed:

mkdir /etc/nginx/build
cd /etc/nginx/build

nginx:

nginx -v

:

wget -qO - http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.18.0.tar.gz | tar zxfv -

nginx 1.18

ngx_pagespeed:

git clone https://github.com/pagespeed/ngx_pagespeed.git

cd ngx_pagespeed/

git checkout tags/latest-stable

cat PSOL_BINARY_URL

psol:

psol_url=https://dl.google.com/dl/page-speed/psol/${NPS_VERSION}.tar.gz [ -e scripts/format_binary_url.sh ] && psol_url=$(scripts/format_binary_url.sh PSOL_BINARY_URL)

wget ${psol_url}
tar zxf 1.13.35.2-x64.tar.gz

ngx_pagespeed.so:

cd ../nginx-1.18.0/

./configure --add-dynamic-module=../ngx_pagespeed --with-compat

make

ls objs/*so

ngx_pagespeed.so:

cd objs
cp ngx_pagespeed.so /etc/nginx/modules

Apache2

.htaccess, , - Apache.

apache php:

apt-get install apache2 libapache2-mod-php

:

vi /etc/apache2/ports.conf

:

Listen 127.0.0.1:8080

# <IfModule ssl_module>
#    Listen 443
# </IfModule>

# <IfModule mod_gnutls.c>
#    Listen 443
# </IfModule>

8080, 80 NGINX. 443, NGINX.

mpm_event:

a2dismod mpm_event

, apache2 mpm_event. php 7 .

mpm_prefork:

a2enmod mpm_prefork

php:

a2enmod php7.3

rewrite:

a2enmod rewrite

setenvif:

a2enmod setenvif

:

systemctl enable apache2 && systemctl start apache2

http://«IP- »:8080. .

Server API Apache.

Apache2 Real IP

apache NGINX, IP- 127.0.0.1. , , . remoteip.

:

vi /etc/apache2/mods-available/remoteip.conf

:

<IfModule remoteip_module>
  RemoteIPHeader X-Forwarded-For
  RemoteIPTrustedProxy 127.0.0.1/8
</IfModule>

:

a2enmod remoteip

apache:

systemctl restart apache2

http://«IP- », phpinfo.

Apache Environment , REMOTE_ADDR.

PHP

PHP PHP-FPM:

apt install php-xml php-intl php-gd php-curl php-zip php-mbstring php-bcmath php-bz2 php-cgi php-cli php-common php-dba php-dev php-enchant php-gmp php-imap php-interbase php-json php-ldap php-odbc php-opcache php-phpdbg php-pspell php-readline php-recode php-sybase php-tidy php-xmlrpc php-xsl

Mysql (Mariadb)

MariaDB:

apt-get install mariadb-server php-mysql php-mysqli

:

systemctl enable mariadb
systemctl start mariadb

root:

mysqladmin -u root password

apache2:

systemctl restart apache2

:

mysql -uroot -p

mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'dbuser'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password' WITH GRANT OPTION;

# ALL PRIVILEGES:      .
# *.* :        .
# dbuser -   .
# localhost -          .
# password - ,    .
# WITH GRANT OPTION -      .

adminer.php

> update user set plugin='' where User='root';

> flush privileges;

> exit

:

sudo systemctl restart mariadb.service

Memcached

Memcached — , -.

, :

apt-get install memcached php-memcached

:

systemctl enable memcached && systemctl start memcached

apache2:

systemctl restart apache2

, memcached PHP, — phpinfo Memcached.

memcached.conf:

vi /etc/memcached.conf

:

netstat -tap | grep memcached

:

adduser dev

www-data:

adduser dev www-data

sudo :

usermod -aG sudo dev

:

mkdir -p /var/www/example.com/{www,tmp}
mkdir -p /var/www/example.com/log/{nginx,apache}

:

chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/example.com/www
chmod -R 775 /var/www/example.com/www

:

vi /var/www/example.com/www/index.php

:

<?php phpinfo(); ?>

Nginx http

server {
    listen       80;
    server_name  example.com;
    set $root_path /var/www/example.com/www;

    access_log /var/www/example.com/log/nginx/access_log;
    error_log /var/www/example.com/log/nginx/error_log;

    root   $root_path;

    gzip  on;
    gzip_disable "msie6";
    gzip_min_length 1000;
    gzip_vary on;
    gzip_proxied    expired no-cache no-store private auth;
    gzip_types      text/plain text/css application/json application/x-javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss;

    location / {
        location ~ [^/]\.ph(p\d*|tml)$ {
            try_files /does_not_exists @fallback;
        }

        location ~* ^.+\.(jpg|jpeg|gif|png|css|zip|tgz|gz|rar|bz2|doc|docx|xls|xlsx|exe|pdf|ppt|tar|wav|bmp|rtf|js)$ {
            try_files $uri $uri/ @fallback;
        }

        location ~* \.(?:css(\.map)?|js(\.map)?|jpe?g|png|gif|ico|cur|heic|webp|tiff?|mp3|m4a|aac|ogg|midi?|wav|mp4|mov|webm|mpe?g|avi|ogv|flv|wmv)$ {
            expires 7d;
            access_log off;
        }

        location ~* \.(?:svgz?|ttf|ttc|otf|eot|woff2?)$ {
            add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin "*";
            expires 7d;
            access_log off;
        }

        location = /favicon.ico {
            log_not_found off;
            access_log off;
        }

        location = /robots.txt {
            log_not_found off;
            access_log off;
        }

        location / {
            try_files /does_not_exists @fallback;
        }
    }

    #   PHP
    location @fallback {
        proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080;
        proxy_redirect http://127.0.0.1:8080 /;
        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
        access_log off;
    }

    #   PHP-FPM
    location @fallback {
        index index.php index.html index.htm; 
        fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php/php7.3-fpm.sock;
        fastcgi_index index.php;
        fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $root_path$fastcgi_script_name;
        include fastcgi_params;
        fastcgi_param DOCUMENT_ROOT $root_path;
    }
}

:

ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/example.com.conf /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/example.com

8080, apache, (jpg, png, css ).

apache2

:

vi /etc/apache2/sites-available/example.com.conf

<VirtualHost 127.0.0.1:8080>
    Define root_domain example.com
    Define root_path /var/www/example.com

    ServerName ${root_domain}
    ServerAlias www.${root_domain}
    DocumentRoot ${root_path}/www

    ErrorLog ${root_path}/log/apache/error_log
    TransferLog  ${root_path}/log/apache/access_log

    <IfModule mod_dir.c>
        DirectoryIndex index.php index.html index.htm
    </IfModule>

    <Directory /var/www/example.com/www>
        AllowOverride All
        Options Indexes ExecCGI FollowSymLinks
        Require all granted
    </Directory>

    <IfModule setenvif_module>
        SetEnvIf X-Forwarded-Proto https HTTPS=on
    </IfModule>

    <IfModule php7_module>
        php_admin_value upload_tmp_dir ${root_path}/tmp
        php_admin_value doc_root ${root_path}
        php_value open_basedir    ${root_path}:/usr/local/share/smarty:/usr/local/share/pear
        php_value post_max_size 512M
        php_value upload_max_filesize 512M
        php_flag short_open_tag On
    </IfModule>
</VirtualHost>

:

ln -s /etc/apache2/sites-available/example.com.conf /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/example.com.conf

:

nginx -t
apachectl configtest

-:

systemctl reload nginx
systemctl reload apache2

https ( )

:

vi /etc/nginx/conf.d/example.com.conf

#     ,     ip   .
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name _ip;
    return 301 https://example.com$request_uri;
}

server {
    listen       443 ssl;
    ssl on;
    ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/cert.pem;
    ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/cert.key;

    server_name example.com;
    set $root_path /var/www/example.com/www;

    access_log /var/www/example.com/log/nginx/access_log;
    error_log /var/www/example.com/log/nginx/error_log;
    gzip  on;
    gzip_disable "msie6";
    gzip_min_length 1000;
    gzip_vary on;
    gzip_proxied    expired no-cache no-store private auth;
    gzip_types      text/plain text/css application/json application/x-javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss

    root   $root_path;

    location / {
        location ~ [^/]\.ph(p\d*|tml)$ {
            try_files /does_not_exists @fallback;
        }

        location ~* ^.+\.(jpg|jpeg|gif|png|css|zip|tgz|gz|rar|bz2|doc|docx|xls|xlsx|exe|pdf|ppt|tar|wav|bmp|rtf|js)$ {
            try_files $uri $uri/ @fallback;
        }

        location ~* \.(?:css(\.map)?|js(\.map)?|jpe?g|png|gif|ico|cur|heic|webp|tiff?|mp3|m4a|aac|ogg|midi?|wav|mp4|mov|webm|mpe?g|avi|ogv|flv|wmv)$ {
            expires 7d;
            access_log off;
        }

        location ~* \.(?:svgz?|ttf|ttc|otf|eot|woff2?)$ {
            add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin "*";
            expires 7d;
            access_log off;
        }

        location = /favicon.ico {
            log_not_found off;
            access_log off;
        }

        location = /robots.txt {
            log_not_found off;
            access_log off;
        }

        location / {
            try_files /does_not_exists @fallback;
        }
    }

    #   PHP
    location @fallback {
        proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080;
        proxy_redirect http://127.0.0.1:8080 /;
        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
        access_log off;
    }

    #   PHP-FPM
    location @fallback {
        index index.php index.html index.htm; 
        fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php/php7.3-fpm.sock;
        fastcgi_index index.php;
        fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $root_path$fastcgi_script_name;
        include fastcgi_params;
        fastcgi_param DOCUMENT_ROOT $root_path;
    }
}

8080, apache, (jpg, png, css ).

Apache2

:

vi /etc/apache2/sites-available/example.com.conf

<VirtualHost 127.0.0.1:8080>
    Define root_domain example.com
    Define root_path /var/www/example.com

    ServerName ${root_domain}
    ServerAlias www.${root_domain}
    DocumentRoot ${root_path}/www

    ErrorLog ${root_path}/log/apache/error_log
    TransferLog  ${root_path}/log/apache/access_log

    <IfModule mod_dir.c>
        DirectoryIndex index.php index.html index.htm
    </IfModule>

    <Directory /var/www/example.com/www>
        AllowOverride All
        Options Indexes ExecCGI FollowSymLinks
        Require all granted
    </Directory>

    <IfModule setenvif_module>
        SetEnvIf X-Forwarded-Proto https HTTPS=on
    </IfModule>

    <IfModule php7_module>
        php_admin_value upload_tmp_dir ${root_path}/tmp
        php_admin_value doc_root ${root_path}
        php_value open_basedir    ${root_path}:/usr/local/share/smarty:/usr/local/share/pear
        php_value post_max_size 512M
        php_value upload_max_filesize 512M
        php_flag short_open_tag On
    </IfModule>
</VirtualHost>

:

ln -s /etc/apache2/sites-available/example.com.conf /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/example.com.conf

:

nginx -t
apachectl configtest

-:

systemctl reload nginx
systemctl reload apache2

ngx_pagespeed on

PageSpeed

ファイルを開きますnginx.conf。

vi /etc/nginx/nginx.conf

最初に追加：

load_module modules/ngx_pagespeed.so;

PageSpeedをhttpコンテキストで設定するため、これらのディレクティブをdirという名前の新しい設定ファイルexample.com.confに配置します/etc/nginx/conf.d。

#   
pagespeed MessageBufferSize 10240;
#    
pagespeed FileCachePath /var/cache/nginx_pagespeed;

server {
    listen       80;
    server_name example.com;
    set $root_path /var/www/example.com/www;

    #  pagespeed
    pagespeed on;

    root   $root_path;

    #    
    pagespeed LoadFromFile "http://www.example.com" "/var/www/example.com/www";

    access_log /var/www/example.com/log/nginx/access_log;
    error_log /var/www/example.com/log/nginx/error_log;

    #  
    pagespeed RewriteLevel CoreFilters;
    pagespeed EnableFilters collapse_whitespace,remove_comments;
    pagespeed DisableFilters rewrite_images;

    gzip  on;
    gzip_disable "msie6";
    gzip_min_length 1000;
    gzip_vary on;
    gzip_proxied    expired no-cache no-store private auth;
    gzip_types      text/plain text/css application/json application/x-javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss;

    location / {
        location ~ [^/]\.ph(p\d*|tml)$ {
            try_files /does_not_exists @fallback;
        }

        location ~* ^.+\.(jpg|jpeg|gif|png|css|zip|tgz|gz|rar|bz2|doc|docx|xls|xlsx|exe|pdf|ppt|tar|wav|bmp|rtf|js)$ {
            try_files $uri $uri/ @fallback;
        }

        location ~* \.(?:css(\.map)?|js(\.map)?|jpe?g|png|gif|ico|cur|heic|webp|tiff?|mp3|m4a|aac|ogg|midi?|wav|mp4|mov|webm|mpe?g|avi|ogv|flv|wmv)$ {
            expires 7d;
            access_log off;
        }

        location ~* \.(?:svgz?|ttf|ttc|otf|eot|woff2?)$ {
            add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin "*";
            expires 7d;
            access_log off;
        }

        location = /favicon.ico {
            log_not_found off;
            access_log off;
        }

        location = /robots.txt {
            log_not_found off;
            access_log off;
        }

        location / {
            try_files /does_not_exists @fallback;
        }

        #   
        location ~ "\.pagespeed\.([a-z]\.)?[a-z]{2}\.[^.]{10}\.[^.]+" {
            add_header "" "";
        }
        location ~ "^/pagespeed_static/" { }
        location ~ "^/ngx_pagespeed_beacon$" { }
    }

    #   PHP
        location @fallback {
            proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080;
            proxy_redirect http://127.0.0.1:8080 /;
            proxy_set_header Host $host;
            proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
            proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
            access_log off;
       }

    #   PHP-FPM
        location @fallback {
            index index.php index.html index.htm; 
            fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php/php7.3-fpm.sock;
            fastcgi_index index.php;
            fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $root_path$fastcgi_script_name;
            include fastcgi_params;
            fastcgi_param DOCUMENT_ROOT $root_path;
       }
}

キャッシュを保存するフォルダーを作成します。

mkdir /var/cache/nginx_pagespeed/
chown www-data:www-data /var/cache/nginx_pagespeed/

Nginxの構成を確認し、設定を適用します。

nginx -t
nginx -s reload